Modified after McClusky et al., 2003. Throughout the section of Eastern Africa, tectonic activity has created cracks in continental crust known as rifts, such that a section of the Nubian plate has started to break off from the main plate. Ain Shams University, Egypt Map of world showing the distribution of major deposits. answer choices. Rift valleys are found both on land and at the bottom of the ocean, where they are created by the process of seafloor spreading. Rift zones (also called spreading zones): regions where the lithosphere splits, separates, and is forced apart as new mantle material moves into the crack or rift. along the edges of all the continents. 5.4. Formation Of East African Rift Valley. 1) What is the theory of plate tectonics? The East African Rift Valley (EAR) is a developing divergent plate boundary in East Africa. Since the development of the theory, geologists have had to reexamine almost every aspect of Geology. C) Earth's continents are moving closer together. As the plate stretches and thins, the underlying asthenosphere flows upward and expands like a hot-air balloon, lifting the region to higher elevations. Plate Tectonics •The Earth's crust is divided into plates which are moved in various directions. Map: USGS Description: Scott Nash - File:Tectonic plates.png, Public Domain, Link. FROM A NASA HQ PRESS RELEASE Apr. (See figure 14) A shield volcano is a type of volcano usually composed almost entirely of fluid lava flow s. Many of the largest volcanoes on Earth are shield volcanoes. The engine of plate tectonics is convective cooling of the mantle. transform A __________ boundary occurs when two tectonic plates slide past each other. The East African Rift System The East African Rift System (EARS) is one the geologic wonders of the world, a place where the earth's tectonic forces are presently trying to create new plates by splitting apart old ones. According the theory of plate tectonics, Earth's outer shell is made up of a series of plates.The map above shows names and generalized locations of Earth's major tectonic plates. 1/5: Plate Tectonics. Divergent boundaries occur when a specific movement happens between the plates. In the summer of 2000, two severe earthquakes occurred in South Iceland. 12 Where is the Antarctic Plate? Plate tectonics is the scientific theory explaining the movement of the earth's crust. Nevertheless, the formation of Rift Valley in Kenya is an . Rift valleys like the East African rift . In geology, a rift is a linear zone where the lithosphere is being pulled apart and is an example of extensional tectonics. Lithosphere is divided into tectonics plates. Earth's crust consists of several irregular tectonic plates that are joined along their edges. This is known as Catastrophic Plate Tectonics (CPT). As a theory, it explains the processes that have shaped Earth in terms of plates and their movement. 19 . In the ocean plate, this process causes the seafloor spreading. Two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other is known as divergent. 46. In all the Rift Valley is 4000 miles (6,400 km) long and is 35 miles (64 km . Tectonic movements. Rifting and Passive Continental Margins. The Great Rift Valley in East Africa is an example. 18 What tectonic plate is Italy on? While on the continental shelf, this process causes the formation of rift valley due to the gap between the two plates which are away from each other. answer choices . The thing that is common in rift zones is high volcanic activity. When a collision between an oceanic plate and a continental plate pushes the oceanic plate into and under the continental plate _____ takes place. The west side of the African major plate diverges from the North American plate. Plate tectonics is a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the Earth's lithosphere, since tectonic processes began on Earth between 3 and 3.5 billion years ago. Plate tectonics has proven to be so useful that it . 2.1 Alfred Wegener's Continental Drift Hypothesis. There is variety of evidence that supports the claims that plate tectonics accounts for (1) the distribution of fossils on different continents, (2) the occurrence of earthquakes, and (3) continental and ocean floor features including mountains, volcanoes, faults, and trenches. Prepared by: Dr. Abdel Monem Soltan. Q. The model builds on the concept of continental drift, an idea developed during the first . Plate tectonics is the means through which mountains are formed. The Somalian plate— which is moving away in the other direction —lies to the other side and includes the Horn of Africa. Plate tectonics shapes global landforms and environments through the rock cycle, mountain building, volcanism, and the distribution of continents and oceans. Plate tectonics refers to the slow movement of the earth's crustal plates. If two tectonic plates collide, they form a convergent plate boundary. 180 seconds. Happens on land & under H2O Features of Divergent Boundaries Mid-ocean ridges rift valleys fissure volcanoes How is the rock pushed at convergent boundaries? the idea that less dense magma from below the crust forced it's way up at the mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, the molten material flows sideways as it cools and solidifies, pushing the ocean floor away from the mid-ocean ridge; in the early 1960s Harry Hess developed this theory; in 1968 scientists found the youngest rocks on the ocean floor to be on or near the mid-ocean ridges, and the . Where a divergent boundary crosses the ocean floor, the rift valley is much narrower, only a kilometer or less across, and it runs . Farther east, the continent began to rift apart in the Basin and Range Province. some places are prone to earthquakes while others are not. The ocean ridge rises to between 2 to 3 km above the ocean floor, and has a rift valley at its crest marking the location at which the two plates are moving apart. Earth's energy budget. A rift valley is a lowland region that forms where Earth's tectonic plates move apart, or rift. Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth's subterranean movements. The continental crust breaks along faults, forming long mountain ranges separated by rift valleys. 29, 1999: NASA's Mars Global Surveyor has discovered surprising new evidence of past movement of the Martian . The Midcontinent Rift is an ancient rift system that could have split the country into two parts a billion years ago. When two tectonic plates meet, we get a "plate boundary." There are three major types of plate boundaries, each associated with the formation of a variety of geologic features. The actively splitting African Plate and the Arabian Plate meet in what geologists call a triple junction, where the Red Sea meets the Gulf of Aden. •This plate motion causes them to collide, pull apart, or scrape against each other. Many earth processes make more sense when viewed through the lens of plate tectonics. Types of plate boundaries: 1. The nearly continuous, global mid-ocean ridge system snakes across the Earth's surface like the seams on a baseball. These plates move and interact with one another to produce earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain ranges, ocean trenches and other geologic processes and features.Map prepared by the United States Geological Survey. As an area of study, plate tectonics deals with the large features of the lithosphere and the forces that fashion them. •The word, tectonic, refers to the deformation of Plate Tectonics is a theory developed in the late 1960s, to explain how the outer layers of the Earth move and deform. •Each type of interaction causes a characteristic set of Earth structures or "tectonic" features. T he African Rift Valley system is one of the tectonic features not only of Kenya but also of Africa that extends from Mozambique in the south through eastern Africa to Jordan in southwestern Asia. This movement is the plates pulling away from each other. Rift zones form at the border between tectonic plates. In plate tectonics, a divergent boundaryis a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other. What must happen between tectonic plates to produce a rift zone? Tidal despinning. On one side of the rift lies the Nubian (or African) tectonic plate, which includes the older continental crust of Africa. Pacific Plate. Today, the opinion is reversed. The water in the Flosagjá rift, normally crystal clear, became so murky that you couldn't see the coins lying on . Question 2. Pangaea. Divergent Plate Boundaries. The theory of plate tectonics explains the formation, movement, and subduction of Earth's . Plate Tectonics The Mid Atlantic Ridge, like other ocean ridge systems, has developed as a consequence of the divergent motion between the Eurasian and North American, and African and South American . What is the name of this tectonic plate? The rifting of a continental tectonic plate creates normal fault valleys, small tilted block mountains, and volcanism. Examples: mid ocean ridge, rift valleys 2. Plate tectonics: Evidence of plate movement. 17 Is the Middle East on the African tectonic plate? 15 What tectonic plates formed the Dead Sea? Plate tectonics theory explains why: Earth's geography has changed through time and continues to change today. The mid-ocean ridge is the most extensive chain of mountains on Earth, stretching nearly 65,000 kilometers (40,390 miles) and with more than 90 percent of the mountain range lying in the deep ocean. The area between the plates is known as the rift zone. In geology, a rift is caused by tectonic plates in the Earth 's lithosphere moving apart. (A) North American plate (B) Juan de Fuca microplate (C) San Andreas fault (D) Pacific plate 44. Pangaea - the idea of Pangaea and some of the evidence behind it. PLATE TECTONICS: The name both of a theory and of a specialization of tectonics. This global theory of plate interactions is called plate tectonics. Usually, one of the converging plates will move beneath the other, a process known as subduction. These areas can form in the middle of continents or on the ocean floor. Unlike convergent boundaries, divergence occurs between only oceanic or only continental plates, not one of each.The vast majority of divergent boundaries are found in the ocean, where they were not mapped or understood until the mid-to-late 20th century. The largest is Mauna Loa on the Big Island of Hawaii . (A) Leading edge (B . 1924-1930. 16 Where is the Rift Valley in Israel? The main difference between plate tectonics and continental drift is that plate tectonics describes the features and movement of Earth's surface in the present and in the past whereas continental drift describes the drifting of Earth's continents on the ocean bed.. The Earth's plates jostle about in fits and starts that are punctuated with earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Rifting often makes a rift valley, which may hold a rift lake. Therefore, based on the concepts of the continental drift and other developing ideas at the time, a general theory was developed, which is now known as the plate tectonics. Research at continental rifts, mid-ocean ridges, and transforms has shown that new plates are created by extensional tectonics, magma intrusion, and volcanism. Figure 1: Overview of the African and Arabian tectonic plate region. It explains where to find some mineral resources. The rift extends from south in Mozambique all the way up north in Jordan to the southwestern Asia. Plate Tectonics. If the plate is capped by thick continental crust, the resulting continental rift zone rises high above sea level. The rift valley is a classic example of a divergent plate boundary.</p> Lava spews out of a fissure in the Virunga mountains in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Twenty years ago geologists were certain that the data correlated perfectly with the then-reigning model of stationary continents. The Baird Mountains in Alaska's Kobuk Valley National Park formed when two tectonic plates along a convergent boundary collided . Plate tectonics is the key that unlocks many of the mysteries of our amazing planet. . There are a few handfuls of major plates and dozens of smaller, or . Wegener later in his life, ca. The theory, which solidified in the 1960s, transformed the earth sciences by explaining many phenomena, including mountain building events, volcanoes, and earthquakes. This extension has formed a rift valley, similar to the morphology of the one we see at the Vale of Eden albeit much . 14 LU_Earth Science_Module11 The Arabian, Indian, and African plates are drifting apart, forming the Great Rift Valley in Africa. Plate Tectonics. Earthquakes are common near divergent plate boundaries. A new spreading center may be developing under Africa along the East African Rift Zone. In sea-floor spreading, molten material rises from the mantle and erupts. Plate tectonics: Geological features of divergent plate boundaries. Plate tectonics is a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the Earth's lithosphere, since tectonic processes began on Earth between 3 and 3.5 billion years ago. B) Earth is made up of a large number of geological plates that move slowly across its surface. Examples include the East Africa rift in Kenya and Ethiopia, and the Rio Grande rift in New Mexico. (A) East Pacific Rise 46. Plate Tectonics is a theory developed in the late 1960s, to explain how the outer layers of the Earth move and deform. In this live interview at the Sheldon Concert Hall in St. Louis, geologist Michael Wysession discusses how seismologists are using data from earthquakes and gravity measurements to characterize this underground geological scar. Created by Sal Khan. Plate Tectonics on Mars? Due to unique geological conditions, these plates moved rapidly, reshaping earth's surface. These phenomena, ultimately driven by Earth's internal heat, have far-reaching effects on other parts of the Earth system, including the sea level experienced along coastlines. Plate tectonics is the understanding that the top layer or lithosphere of the Earth's crust is divided into many large rocky plates. This global theory of plate interactions is called plate tectonics. Here the eastern portion of Africa, the Somalian plate, is pulling away from the rest of the continent, that comprises the Nubian plate. Plate tectonics: Difference between crust and lithosphere. Rift valleys are found both on land and at the bottom of the ocean and are created by the process of seafloor spreading. in deep-ocean trenches. Structure of the earth. 13 What is the 8 minor tectonic plates? The theory of plate tectonics is, in fact, developed . The underlying asthenosphere rises and expands like a hot-air balloon, elevating a broad region. Continental Rift—Plate Rips Apart. Because it is so important in understanding how the world works, plate tectonics is the first topic of discussion in this textbook. The generally accepted theory concerning its formation is that the rift is part of a global system of fractures in Earth's uppermost layers (the lithosphere) that form in order to accommodate relative movements of the rigid lithospheric plates. 'pertaining to building') is the generally accepted scientific theory that considers the Earth's lithosphere to comprise a number of large tectonic plates which have been slowly moving since about 3.4 billion years ago. Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. A valley is a type of landform that is low-lying land and surrounded by higher ground. Divergent boundaries exist where tectonic plates move apart from each other. A plate boundary where two plates move towards each other. The Theory of Plate Tectonics - Boundaries, Stresses, and Faults What is the theory of plate tectonics? A rift valley is a lowland region that forms where Earth's tectonic plates move apart, or rift. The Rift Valley, also known as the Great Rift Valley or Eastern Rift Valley, is a geological feature due to the movement of tectonic plates and mantle plumes that runs south from Jordan in southwest Asia, through East Africa and down to Mozambique in southern Africa. Plate tectonics and continental drift are important theories in geology. The Midcontinent Rift is an ancient rift system that could have split the country into two parts a billion years ago. Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin: tectonicus, from the Ancient Greek: τεκτονικός, lit. These divergent plate boundaries forms the mid-oceanic ridges or rift valley. Divergent boundaries-- where new crust is generated as the plates pull away or separates from each other. Space Science News home Magnetic stripes on the surface of Mars are similar to fields in the sea floors of Earth and may indicate ancient crustal movements on the Red Planet. What are the 4 pieces of evidence for plate tectonics? The tectonic plate on which Florida sits is fairly large. African Plate. The generally accepted theory concerning its formation is that the rift is part of a global system of fractures in Earth's uppermost layers (the lithosphere) that form in order to accommodate relative movements of the rigid lithospheric plates. General Location and Tectonic History. Plate tectonics is the unifying theory of geology. A rift valley can simply be characterized as a flat, low-lying valley that forms at a geographical crack or. These float on a layer of molten, liquid rock known as the . In terms of size, the African Plate is about 61,300,000 km 2. 11 What tectonic plates make up Africa? The internal dynamics of a rift system. It explains why earthquakes, volcanoes and mountain ranges are where they are. These rigid plates 'float' like rafts on the deeper, molten layer of the mantle. The handful of geologists who promoted the notion of continental drift were accused of indulging in pseudoscientific fancy. . Rodinia and Pangaea 48. A transform plate boundary developed where the Pacific Plate was in contact with the North American Plate and the volcanism ceased in central California. The theory has caused a revolution in the way we think about the Earth. New crust is formed when the plates move way from each other. The Dead Sea fills the rift with seawater. Where tectonic plates move away from one another the lithosphere thins. certain regions may have deadly, mild, or no volcanic eruptions. Plate tectonics. Studies of a wide variety of extensional processes ranging from plate thinning to magma intrusion have helped scientists understand how continents are broken apart to form ocean basins. SURVEY. observations: 1) plates move along a . The East African Rift System (EARS) is one of the most intriguing geologic sites in the modern world. Typical rift features are a central linear downfaulted depression, called a graben, or more commonly a half-graben with normal faulting and rift-flank uplifts mainly on one side. The theory has caused a revolution in the way we think about the Earth. The earth's lithosphere is composed of seven or eight major plates . When a broken plate tectonics, lithospheric thinning layer and split, forming divergent boundaries. Plate tectonics: geologic theory that combines the concepts of sea floor spreading and continental drift to explain the large-scale movement of the earth's crust. Though their source lay 40-50 kilometres southeast of Þingvellir, stones fell from the ravine walls and water splashed up from the rifts. Plate tectonics is the theory explaining the motion of the outer crust or the lithosphere of earth. The process is illustrated in Fig. Plate tectonics has proven to be so Fast spreading centers typically do not develop a rift valley - A is therefore an example of a fast spreading center 47. Transcript. These plates were formed when earth's crust broke apart at the beginning of the global Flood. The structure of the Earth is made up of many layers; a very hot inner core (4,000°C), the outer core (3,500°C), the lower mantle and upper mantle which are liquid, and a solid crust. It is widely accepted by scientists today. The Colorado Plateau, with a smorgasbord of awe-inspiring rock formations and geological features, rises dramatically from the Rio Grande rift. When the continental crust stretches beyond its limits, tension cracks begin to appear on the Earth's surface. These plate tectonic boundaries are: divergent, convergent, and transform plate. (A) Mid-Atlantic Ridge (B) Transform fault 45. Rifting is defined as the splitting apart of a single tectonic plate into two or more tectonic plates separated by divergent plate boundaries. Recall that both continental landmasses and the ocean floor are part of the earth's crust, and that the crust is broken into individual pieces called tectonic plates (Fig. A scientific theory is a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. Plate Tectonics Theory. 14 What kind of plate boundary is the Great Rift Valley? Metallogeny and plate tectonics The new concept of plate tectonics recognized that the lithosphere is divided into a number of rigid plates, which display considerable lateral movement. The model builds on the concept of continental drift, an idea developed . 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